By placing a series of lines next to each other, an artist can create visual areas of gray. These areas of dark and light make a shape change into 3-D instead of 2-D.
There are different ways to produce this 3-D effect. There is cross-hatching and hatching. Hatching is a bunch of parallel lines placed next to each other to increase the density of the area. Cross-hatching increases the density of an area except the lines aren't parallel but instead cross each other.
Here is the contour of a circle. It looks flat without any value.
Here is a circle with cross-hatching and a circle with just hatching. Notice that once you add the value, it creates a 3-D illusion.
Above is a value scale using cross hatching. This is the range of value that cross hatching can reach.
Artists and cartoonists use cross hatching in many of their works.
Because of the restrictions of ink on newsprint, it was hard for cartoonists to create a value for their cartoons. They discovered the use of cross hatching and hatching and use it create a broad range of values.
Above is a Rembrandt composition in which he used cross hatching and hatching to create the many values used throughout the composition.
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